1994, Al-Kasasbeh, B. M.; Al-Qutaish, R. E.;  Al-Sarayreh, K. T., Indirect Routing of Mobile IP: A Non-Encapsulation Approach.

Currently, when using the mobile IP indirect routing technique, it explicitly includes the encapsulation (such encapsulation is also called tunneling) approach. However, it is uncommon to use the non-encapsulation approach with the mobile IP indirect routing technique. In this paper, we propose a new approach in which we use the non-encapsulation approach to the indirect routing. In this way, the delay and the speed of CoA registration process and communication processes within the indirect routing will be positively affected. Moreover, this way will decrease the delay and increase the speed of transmission.